Geant4 is a toolkit for Monte Carlo simulations of the particle transport through matter. It has a complete set of routines for modelling particle trajectories and interactions: geometry and materials, physical processes, event generation, detector response and analysis and visualisation. It has been used in wide range of applications in high energy, nuclear and accelerator physics, as well as...
Over the years High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detectors proved to be an excellent practical tool and as such have established their todays wide use in low background γ-spectrometry. One of the advantages of gamma ray spectrometry is its easy sample preparation as chemical processing and separation of the studied subject in not required. Thus, with a single measurement one can simultaneously...
A different alternative approach to calculate the ratio of the surface to volume components of the nuclear symmetry energy is proposed in the framework of the coherent density fluctuation model (CDFM). An alternate expression (scheme II) for the ratio is derived consistently within the model. This expression appears in a form more direct and physically motivated than the expression (scheme I)...
The nuclei with few proton and neutron particles (holes) away from doubly-magic nuclei are the simplest nuclear systems in which both nuclear collectivity and the two-fluid nature of the nuclear matter can simultaneous be manifested. The relatively small number of valence particles (holes) allows the low-lying collective states in these nuclei to be described in the shell-model framework. The...
The interplay between single-particle and collective degrees of freedom is one of the most important and debated features in the study of the nuclear structure of medium mass nuclei. For neutron-rich nuclei with protons in the fp shell, nuclear structure observables indicate an onset of collectivity for neutron number N$\sim$40. Adding just a few particles/holes to the $^{68}$Ni core leads...
Through analytical arguments, numerical calculations and comparison with experimental data, we show that the ratio of high $p_{\perp}$ observables $v_2/(1-R_{AA})$ reaches a well-defined saturation value at high $p_{\perp}$, which depends on the spatial anisotropy of quark-gluon plasma formed in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions. By using our recently developed DREENA framework, which can...
Neutral current quasielastic (anti)neutrino scattering cross sections on a $^{12}$C target are analyzed using a realistic spectral function $S(p,E)$ that gives a scaling function in accordance with the ($e,e'$) scattering data. The spectral function accounts for the nucleon-nucleon (NN) correlations by using natural orbitals from the Jastrow correlation method and has a realistic energy...
A project for non-destructive assay (NDA) of radioactive waste at the Studsvik nuclear decommissioning site is presented. The concept is based on a novel 3D radiation imaging modality for special nuclear materials (SNM) - neutron-gamma emission tomography (NGET) that was first demonstrated for nuclear security applications [1,2]. NGET has been recognized by the Royal Swedish Academy of...
This article concerns an uncertainty and sensitivity investigation of certain parameters in the In-Vessel Melt Retention (IVMR) test case for VVER-1000/v320. It has been used the ICARE and CESAR modules of ASTECv2.2b severe accident computer code to describe the basic parameters behaviour and the main phenomena arising during the IVMR in VVER1000 reactor design. The external vessel water...
Introduction
Retrospective/accidental dosimetry, seeks for materials that can be used as probes for the dose assessment, when there is no other available data, from personal or environmental monitoring, during nuclear accidents. When there is uncontrollable release of radiation, it is important to determine the dose of the exposed population, in order to take the corresponding measures to...
The aim of this study was determination of natural (226Ra, 232Th, 40K) and artificial (137Cs) radioactivity levels in thirty soil samples collected from different locations in Albania. The obtained results provides essential information concerning reference baseline concentrations of natural and artificial radioactive isotopes and environmental pollution. The main contributors of natural...
In experiments searching for rare nuclear events (neutrinoless double beta decay, dark matter, etc.) detailed knowledge of background is necessary in order to achieve reliable analysis and interpretation of experimental data [1]. In the ground-based laboratories, the significant contribution to the background of the detector spectrum originates from the interaction of cosmic rays with...
A simple framework for obtaining simultaneous energy and interaction position measurements from gamma particle interactions was developed in simulation and in hardware. The framework provides a method for obtaining the time of arrival and three methods for obtaining the interaction position, centroid, multiple maxima and an ML algorithm trained by simulation. Results of the simulations and the...
Determination of 226Ra and 222Rn activity concentration in water has been recognized as one of the most important tasks in the preservation of public health, since increased content of these radionuclides in drinking water may lead to increased health risk. Generally, the presence of 226Ra in water samples is potentially dangerous due to its radiotoxicity and has been related to the cancer of...
Introduction
The European Standard EN1788 (2001) [1] defines the procedure of silicate minerals’ extraction from food products and their use to distinguish irradiated from non-irradiated food products, based on Thermoluminescence (TL). The extraction of the minerals is important since most of the food products, such as dried oregano, are not heat-resistant, thus TL cannot be applied to...
Building materials may contain to some extent naturally occurring radioisotopes 226Ra, 232Th (from uranium and thorium decay chain) and primordial radioisotope 40K. Those materials are often referred to as NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials) [1, 2]. Owing to the presence of radioisotopes, using NORM in buildings can present a potential health risk to the population, due to the...
Radon concentration measurements were performed at Technical College of Applied Sciences (TCAS) in Zrenjanin during summer, as part of the „Radon level measurements“ studies financed by the Provincial Secretariat for Higher Education and Scientific Research (the project is currently going on). The two lowest level rooms of the College building were examined, the basement and the groundfloor....
The environment presents a plethora of radiation sources, both of natural, but mainly of human origin. The need to evaluate the dose threshold for biological effects has led to the development of the area of dosimetry. Accidental dosimetry deals with the quantification of the dose absorbed after an accident. Studies focus on materials in the immediate vicinity of human. Materials which meet...
To achieve a good determination of the equivalent dose for occupational exposure workers from the whole body dosimeter an overall uncertainty associated with the measurement needs to be estimated. The work reported here is focused to estimate the absolute standard uncertainty that arises for Reader Calibration Factor (RFC), Element Correction Coefficient (ECC), and Zero Dose Reading. In this...
For an individual monitoring service is really important to provide accurate reports of the dose and to what extent the reported value is a good estimate of the true one. The process of determined the uncertainty which produces the best estimate of the quantity to be measured and may differ from the same quantity given by the instrument is an important one. This process can improve the result...
Nuclear power, which accounts for about 10 percent of the world’s electricity supply, is currently the only technology with a secure base-load electricity supply and no greenhouse gas emissions that has the potential to expand at a large scale and effectively replace fossil fuels. However, after the 2011 Fukushima accident some countries, particularly in Europe, decided to slow down further...
